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NOMINATION OF PROPERTIES FOR INCLUSION ON THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST

This paperl presents the struggle for succession to Menilek in early modern Ethiopia from the perspective of the eastern province of Hararge and the emerging position of an independent Ethiopian state in a region otherwise ruled by colonial administrations. The paper puts forward an approach which views colonialism in Northeast Africa as not simply a foil to Ethiopia’s national struggle, but as a key factor in the construction of the Ethiopian state and its emerging sovereignty, albeit a dynamic that was necessarily internalised by Ethiopian domestic politics. This view is borne out by the important role that the periphery with colonial territory came to have in the struggle for the centre.2 In dealing with these concerns the paper also proposes a different approach to the most enigmatic figure of this period of Ethiopian history, Le} lyyasu………… ……Provincial Paralysis In 1906 Ras Makonnen 13 of Harar died. In the resource centred and frontier fuelled politics of the Ethiopian Empire Hararge province was second only to Shawa. Makonnen was one of the comparatively small coterie of closely related Shawans who had led the military expansion of the Shawan state and through his command of the Hararge gezat, he was the head of a whole section of interests and system of rule. His early death upset the careful equations of power on which Menilek’s patrimonial empire was constructed. A vacancy at the top of the pyramid of power opened up a wealth of possibilities for the use, acquisition, but also the deliquescence of power. Indeed affairs in the eastern province of Hararge after Makonnen’s death are an example of the problematic transfer of power in the nascent Ethiopian empire, even at provincial level, and anticipated the coming crisis at the centre.

THE LANGUAGE OF HARARI that is spoken inthe Moslem city of Hiarar is one of the Ethiopianlanguages for which no exhaustive grammar is inexistence. Preliminary studies were published byF. M. C. Mondon-Vidailhet, La langue harari etles dialectes ethiopiens du gouraghe, Paris, 1902,p. 1-75; and Marcel Cohen, Etudes d'ethiopienmeridional, Paris, 1931, p. 234-354. More completestudies were published by E. Cerulli, Studietiopici. I. Harari, Rome, 1931; and W. Leslau,The Verb in Harari, Berkeley and Los Angeles,1958.There are still many features in the morphologyand in the syntax that have not been adequatelyinvestigated because of insufficient number of texts.The only existing texts and phrases are thoseof E. Cerulli, op. cit. p. 204-228. I myself had

Poetic description of Harari Language It's practice, the sweetness and lovely characteristics of it's use and application.Unpublished Book, made available to the public by the Author.

SUMMARY OF ASSESSMENT 1. Integrated Assessment of PFM performance This section summarizes the detailed indicator led-assessment along the six core dimensions identified in the performance measurement framework. Table 1 summarizes the scoring. (a) Credibility of the budget (PIs 1- 4) As revealed by performance indicators 1-3, the budget was by and large implemented as planned except performance indicator 2. The significant deviation indicated by the composition of expenditure outturn compared to the original approved budget has highly contributed to weaken budget credibility. On the other hand due to tight internal control system, strict rules and regulations and strong culture of compliance, the stock of arrears was significantly low, below 2% for the EFY 2000 and 2001 while no arrears were reported in EFY 1999. (b) Comprehensiveness and Transparency The scores of performance indicators under the comprehensiveness and transparency reveal mixed results. The fairly good classification of the budget that allows tracking of expenditures and the insignificant level of unreported extra budgetary expenditures (with the exception of Global Fund expenditures) reveal very good comprehensiveness and transparency. On the other hand, the lack of comprehensiveness of information included in the budget documentation and the lack of access to key fiscal information signifies poor comprehensiveness and transparency. (c) Policy based budgeting The annual budget process is by and large conducted in an orderly way. There is a fixed budget calendar which allows sector bureaus/offices sufficient time to process their budget proposals in accordance with guidelines issued by BoFED. However, there are problems with the timely approval of the budget by the legislature. In addition, no multiyear fiscal forecast on a rolling annual basis has been introduced even though fixed multi-year sectoral development programs and strategic plans are operational. (d) Predictability and control in budget execution Taxes raised by the regional government have legal basis. The income tax is comprehensive and clear with tax payers having easy access to information on tax liabilities. A tax appeal system was setup. A cash flow system has been operational. Bureaus are able to commit expenditure within the year based on approved budget. Procurements are governed by proclamation and directives. However, there are no compiled data on the methods used to award public contracts. Internal audit is operational in the majority of the bureaus/offices but focus on transaction audits than systemic audit. There is lack of complete accounts reconciliation between tax assessment, collections, arrears records and receipts by treasury. Tax arrears are not recorded and no compiled information is available in this

Basketworks of Harar including pictures.

The text of the "law-suit" is formal and was given to me as follows.A =accuser, B =accused.A: "In the name of the bridegroom, in the name of the bride, in the name of theyoung man; if there are left (others that I don't mention), forgive me. As to the garad5Ahmad Addus, I ask for a verdict against him. When the young men played helaughed, indeed; I want you to inform yourself about i t (for me)." arriz sera, arrizitsera, darma sera; zipara bal gir, awfi iislufi. abmad addas garad-be hap i_ka3-b-ab-a._k

Funeral Customs and practices of Hararies is discussed